Since federalism was introduced as an aspect of Canadian political identity, the country has undergone multiple changes regarding how federalism works; in other words, over the decades federal and provincial governments have not always acted as they do now. Canada, for example, once experimented with quasi-federalism, where the provinces were subordinate to Ottawa. We are currently in the era of what has been coined “collaborative federalism.” In essence, as the title suggests, this involves the federal and provincial levels of government working together more closely to implement and make policy changes. Unfortunately, this era of collaborative federalism may end sooner rather than later: Over the past two decades, federal and provincial governments have been known to bicker over any policy changes in areas such as healthcare, the environment and fiscal issues. In general, one might assume that in a regime that employs collaborative federalism there is some degree of collaboration. Lately, it seems that the only time political change can occur is for the federal government to work unilaterally. One area where collaborative federalism has been non-existent and unilateral federalism has prevailed and positively influenced policy changes is the post-secondary education (PSE) sector. As Bakvis writes, “the transformation of the Canadian university system… occurred largely through the effort of the federal government alone” (Bakvis 205). There are some key anomalies in this statement, one of which is pertinent to CA 1867 .When you look at the constitution, at sections 91 and 92, anyone even remotely knowledgeable about Canadian politics would know that those two sections outline... ... half of the document ......210). Canadians are seeing that changes in the policies of PSE funding is starting to come from the provinces. Since “when Ottawa went against the grain and launched the Millennium Grant programs, the feathers of the provinces, especially those of Quebec, were immediately ruffled,” provinces such as Quebec and British Columbia. , among others, were motivated to “start their own searches for funding agencies with the goal of [maximizing] the likelihood of obtaining funding from Ottawa” (Bakvis 216). As for the legitimacy of cooperative federalism in Canada today, it appears that executive federalism itself is becoming largely paternalistic – at least in the PSE sense. In most cases, in PSE funding, the federal government took the lead while “one group of leaders – those from the provincial governments – was largely absent” (Bakvis 218).