It has been argued that whether or not people help depends on a series of interconnected events and decisions. They must first realize what is happening, understand that this is an emergency, and take personal responsibility. When this does not happen, it is called the bystander effect (Carpenter & Huffman, 2008, p. 422). It has been reported that one of the main reasons for the lack of reaction to Catherine's murder is because no one realized they were witnessing a real murder and the great shock involved in doing so compared to what they saw on television meant that their minds refused acceptance. and this was confirmed when New York psychiatrist Dr. Iago Galdston stated that "The megalopolis in which we live makes closeness very difficult and leads to alienation." He concluded his statement by saying, "The killing of Kitty Genovese was the symbol of everything that was wrong." in modern society apathy is endemic and dangerous" (Gado,