Paleopathological examination of a skeleton can reveal complexities in the lifestyles of people of the past. Several studies have been conducted to obtain information for a comparative analysis of post-contact diseases inflicted on the Americas to trace the origin or presence of some infectious diseases, particularly those normally associated with Colombian contact, for example syphilis (Gerzsten et al. 1997). It should be noted that there is no evidence of pre-contact syphilis in South America. This article examines several separate studies of disease and trauma in pre-Columbian South America. The collection of diverse sources covering a broad scope will allow us to better understand the diseases and other stressors that affected the South American population before colonialism through a comprehensive analysis of the body. Adopting this approach will subsequently create a plausible picture of the lives, socioeconomic inequality, and livelihoods of various strata in emerging settlement hierarchies and this latter social stratification as indicators of South America's health disparities. The natural aridity of some regions of South America, the taphonomic processes, have created numerous mummies. The dry climate reduced the rate of decomposition to the point of stagnation, preserving a large quantity of samples for analysis. This made each natural mummification process a real asset, thanks to undisturbed burials, many in situ and with soft tissue for potential DNA analysis. Therefore, the research analyzes conducted have largely been carried out on mummified remains. SKULL DISEASE The greatest amount of data came from skull analysis. This is most likely due to the rate of preservation of the skull and, consequently, to the already mentioned mummifications due to the climate...... half of the document ......on, especially in South America, altered health of the pre-Columbians South American peoples, who were affected by most of the same diseases as contemporary European civilizations. Work- and work-related stressors were present in both males and females, although expressed differently in the archaeological record, in the development of deafness in men who dived shellfish, and in Pott's disease in women who carried baskets. Life in pre-Columbian South America required rapid adaptation to different environments and growing populations. There is a rate of comorbidity with the emergence of agriculture which has led to professional, environmental and social separations. Therefore, the emergence of certain pathologies tells an excellent story of the pre-Columbian health and life of ancient South American peoples, through the extensive process of natural mummification and recent advances in DNA analysis.