IntroductionHepatitis B, an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV, a DNA virus), was previously called serum hepatitis, inoculant hepatitis, and post-inoculation hepatitis. transfusion. HBV infection can cause acute, fulminant, or chronic hepatitis, sometimes even leading to a chronic asymptomatic carrier state, apart from hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (Davis 179). The disease is transmitted when an individual comes into contact with infected blood or objects. It can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her baby during or after birth (Zuckerman et al. 211). Transmission can also occur through accidental inoculation from needles and infected hospital equipment, intravenous drug abuse, body piercing, tattooing, and mouth-to-mouth kissing (Zuckerman et al. 210). The risk of hepatitis B is particularly high in individuals with multiple sexual partners and in homosexuals. The HBV virus occurs in morphologically different forms in the serum of infected individuals. HBV infection has an incubation period of approximately 75 days. Systemic symptoms of the disease include fatigue, fever, dyspepsia, arthralgia, malaise, and rash, while local symptoms include hepatomegaly, jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored stools (Davis 179; Zuckerman et al. 210). Anatomical/physiological/biochemical changes leading to diseaseHepatitis B is the result of cellular damage to the liver, which subsequently affects its metabolic functions. However, HBV is not itself cytopathic. The pathogenesis of hepatitis B occurs as a result of interactions between the host immune system and the virus. The host immune system targets HBV in liver cells (hepatocytes), inadvertently causing liver damage. HBV-derived proteins (……middle of sheet……BeAg), bilirubin level and platelet count (Pyrsopoulos and Reddy). The prognosis of the disease can be made by calculating the prognostic index based on the status of these six variables. Conclusion HBV infection is complex and affects a large population worldwide. The discovery of the Australian antigen (HBsAg) in 1965 by Blumberg et al. (1965) laid the foundation for rapid progress in understanding and combating the disease (qtd in Zuckerman et al. 210). Liver function tests help estimate the extent of damage caused to the liver during HBV infection. Diagnosis is made by detecting specific viral antigens in serum. Both active and passive immunization options exist for disease prophylaxis. However, it is always best to pay attention to parenteral, sexual and other transmission routes for effective prevention and prophylaxis..