There is evidence to suggest that Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens coexisted for approximately 35-40,000 years, (Fagan 2010) from approximately 60,000 years ago to 25,000 years ago, when they finally became extinct (Gibbone 2001). Anthropologists are still uncertain what caused their extinction. This article will analyze three main theories about the extinction of Neanderthals. The first theory is the competition theory, according to which Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had to compete for resources, which ultimately led to their disappearance. The second theory I will talk about is that of climate change, according to which Homo sapiens lived while Neanderthals died because they were better adapted to the climate. The last theory I will talk about is the possible “extinction through absorption” theory that Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens and became a single species. In this article I will also compare the technologies and diets of both species. Additionally, I will look at the anatomical relationship between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, how their body shape and size differed, and whether this gave any advantage to one side or the other. My thesis for this article will state that Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis coexisted, but the disappearance of Neanderthals in Eurasia was due to the appearance of the culturally more advanced and genetically superior Homo sapiens and the failure of man of Neanderthals in adapting to an evolving climate. History In recent years, Homo Neanderthalensis was seen as “subhuman brutes,” but is now seen as a different species from ours (Balter 2001). Neanderthals were a branch of the genus Homo that evolved in Eurasia at least 200,000 years ago (Fagan 2010). The first Neand... halfway through the article... would be impossible. Conclusion This article has demonstrated how Homo sapiens had several advantages over Neanderthals, including better diets, better tools, and simply better luck. Neanderthals could not survive the harsh climates they were pushed into and eventually became extinct. In this article I have examined how Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had coexisted, but the disappearance of the Neanderthal ius was due in part to the appearance of the more culturally advanced and genetically superior Homo sapiens. Despite the how and why of the Neanderthals' extinction, it is clear that Homo sapiens played a role in their demise. Over the last hundred and fifty years that we have studied humans, we have seen them go from savage brutes to the respectable contemporary Homo sapiens. If we hadn't been lucky in the past, Neanderthals could study us today.