Computer networks such as the Internet require network resources, such as bandwidth, buffer spaces, etc. to accommodate incoming packets into the router's buffers [25]. When incoming packets cannot be accommodated due to lack of network resources, this indicates that congestion occurs in the router buffers of the networks [21]. Congestion can deteriorate the performance of a network [22, 25] by increasing the probability of packet loss due to overflows and the average waiting time of packets in the queuing network. Additionally, congestion can reduce throughput and increase the likelihood of packet loss before router buffers overflow. Congestion can also generate an unmaintained average queue length ( ), and this can lead to a build-up of content in the router's buffers, and thus many incoming packets may be dropped or lost in the router's buffers. Many researchers have proposed methods with the aim of controlling congestion on the router. network buffers [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16], i.e. AQM methods [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Each AQM is proposed as a congestion control method that identifies congestion in the router buffers at an early stage, i.e. before the router buffers are overflowed. The most well-known AQM method is RED [14], Gentle RED [16], Adaptive GRED [2], Adaptive RED [15], Random Early Marking (REM) [7], Dynamic Random Early Drop (DRED) [8] and some analytical discrete-time queuing models [1, 4, 5, 6] which have been built based on some AQM techniques. For example, the DRED analytical models they built by analyzing two queue nodes [5] and three queue nodes [1] based on DRED and using the discrete-time queuing mechanism [26]. The GRED analytical model [4] and the BLU analytical model [6] were built based on GRED and BLU respectively and using the discrete-time queuing mechanism. As mentioned above, RED has been proposed as a congestion control method, but RED can degrade network performance due to the following causes: 1) RED can suddenly increase its arrival rate aggressively, so the router's buffers RED could overflow. Therefore, every incoming packet will be lost. 2) At a particular time, the value of the RED congestion measure ( ) may be less than the value of the minimum threshold position in the router buffer ( ). This indicates that no packets can be dropped. However, for a short time the arrival rate increases, causing the router's buffer to overflow. However, the value increases but is still less than the value of .
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