Most tumors have markers in the blood and serum that can be monitored [65,66]. An electrochemical immunosensor is a special device applied for tracking some diseases, in which a sandwich immunoreaction is commonly applied on the surface of an electrode (see Figure 6), such as a tracer antibody, a capture antibody, and antigen. The characteristic marker exists on the basis of the inflammatory response or the antigen-antibody reaction. Dixit et al. Proposed electrochemistry-based cancer methods stand out [68] with automated, high-sensitivity, low-cost multiplex protein immunoassays. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayBeitollahi et al; reported on A new electrochemical immunosensor based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) generated from ionic liquid (IL) and graphite has been produced. It showed good efficiency for rapid determination (each test in 30 s) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The electrode surface was corrected using gold nanoparticles for the immobilization of thyroid-stimulating hormone (anti-TSH) antibody on the CPE. The design of the immunoassay was established by inserting antigen (TSH) between the thyroid-stimulating hormone antibody on the gold nanoparticle-corrected CPE surface and the secondary antibody, thyroid-labeled polyclonal anti-human TSH. horseradish peroxidase (HRP-labeled anti-TSH). They announced that high sensitivity and acceptable stability were achieved with this immunosensor, which is promising in the clinical test of TSH. Nowadays magnetic spheres come in handy. have been applied for the configuration of biosensor devices to support bioreaction or carriers [63,77] due to their large surface area and biocompatibility. In another study, the catalytic bionanolabel was examined [92] and suggested that it was used for the detection of B. anthracis Sap antigen. Gold-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (Au-Pd NPs) were grown in situ on a boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS) that was spiked with diallyldimethylammonium chloride and then the Au-Pd@BNNS NPs conjugated with anti-B of mouse. anthracis Sap antibodies (Ab2). Meanwhile, the use of graphene (GR) nanomaterial has focused on electron transfer which is a remarkable nanomaterial with two-dimensional sheets of sp2 hybridized C atoms in hexagonal configuration [92].Rawat et, al; suggested the electrochemical biosensor as label-free detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). By developing the gold-coated polycarbonate membrane of the electrochemical sensor with different pore sizes of 30, 50 and 100 nm, it was observed that the membrane with 30 nm pore size showed better results than the membrane with 50 and 50 nm pore size. 100 nm. They make polycarbonate membranes that are gold-coated and thiolated by 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) as well as activated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) for antibody binding (BSA). Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Detection of Antibody Antibody Interactions Anita Rawat, KP Singh, Pashupat Vasmatkar and Pratibha Baral – Biochemical Communication-2017 Furthermore, AuNPs with remarkable properties can not only be electroactive labeling, also Zhao et al. [87] applied them both by gold nanoparticles and by enzymatic catalysis which strengthens the dual signal of the electrochemical biosensor. The lectin-based biosensor array was used to evaluate the glycan. Because the examson disease remedies related to immunoassays are performed due to interest in electrochemical biosensors for broader applications with better performance [88-90]. For example, prostate antigen detected by three different generations of ferrocene-core polyamidiamine dendrimer gold electrodes as an immunosensor[90]. The number of DNA/RNA biosensors used to detect human immunodeficiency and oral cancers has recently increased. Lanthanide polymer-labeled antibodies have been studied to modify the analytical figures of merit of homogeneous immunoassays by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) which is monitoring multiplex analysis of biomarkers in human serum samples. A diverse group of polymer-based lanthanides are labeling specific monoclonal antibodies against four tumor biomarkers (CEA, sErbB2, CA 15.3, and CA 125) and increasing the number of metal labels per binding site. And size exclusion chromatography separated them after immunoreaction of the biomarkers with the specific antibodies, the antigen-antibody complexes also monitored by ICP-MS detection. Talemi et al; introduced a method by targeting DNA with inexpensive spectrophotometric detection. They immobilized thiol-modified ss-DNA onto gold nanoparticles. In this method the linear range of the developed biosensor for additional target DNA designation was 1 to 300 nM with a tracking limit of 0.6 nM. A novel colorimetric DNA biosensor for genetic analysis purposes based on self-assembled gold nanoparticles on a functionalized glass surface Rasoul Pourtaghavi Talemi,Seyed Mehdi Mousavi- Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers-2017-doi.org/10.1016/j .jtice.2017.04.027In 2017, Li et, al; presented a colorimetric biosensor that amplifies circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The biosensor communicates hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplification by the activity of G-Quadruplex DNAzymes through the formation of triplex DNA. And it is in the presence of ctDNA that HCR occurs. They use DNA triplex formation as a linchpin to unify nucleic acid amplification and DNA enzymes to produce a highly sensitive signal and low background. The colorimetric detection platform is used in human blood plasma, a kind of complex biological environments, for ctDNA tracking, with a detection limit corresponding to 0.1 PM. Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA Using Hybridization Chain Reaction and Triplex DNA Pin Ruimin Li, Li Zou, Yanwei Luo, Manjun Zhang & Liansheng Ling-2017-Scientific Reports Having Label-Free Colorimetric Tracking of DNA/RNA Based on self-assembling target species in the presence of thiolated probes, a modified non-cross-linking system The aggregation strategy of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) has been improved. These yields have a high dependence on the surface of the Au-NPs and support the surface from salt-induced aggregation. To measure the effectiveness of the assay, the target was a small part of the Citrus Tristeza virus (CTV) genome, leading to a traceability limit of approximately 5 × 10−9 mol.L−1 over a linear range of 20 × 10−9 to 10 × 10−7 mol.L−1. The disulfide reaction approach and complementary self-assembled DNA/RNA targets with simple AuNPs as a sensitive indicator provide a powerful and simple visual tracking tool for a wide range of applications. Self-induced disulfide-assembled targets: a new strategy for label-free colorimetric detection of DNA/RNA via unmodified gold nanoparticles -Ehsan Shokri, Morteza Hosseini, Mehdi D. Davari, Mohammad R. Ganjali, Maikel P.).