This essay will explain the biopsychosocial influences on the health and well-being of a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. To maintain patient and staff confidentiality required by NMC, a pseudonym will be used to refer to the patient as Norbert. The author will define the meaning of health and well-being while providing an important focus on areas such as biological, psychological, and sociological theories. The author will further explain the anatomy and physiology of Norbert's healthcare and how it works. Furthermore, the author will also explore ways in which health promotion can play a role in improving Norbert's health and well-being. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an original essayThe biopsychosocial model was invented by Engel after realizing the limitations of the biomedical model that delineated microscopic biology as the root cause of human disease.Norbert is a male in his fifties who has been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia; has a history of drug abuse. Norbert is currently single and has never been married; He is unemployed and currently living in assisted living. Comer (2010) describes schizophrenia as a mental illness that causes people to lose contact with reality. Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit awkward behavior, mixed with a disturbed mind and disorganized characteristics. The behavior and clumsy character presented by schizophrenic patients are due to the inability of the neurocognitive functioning of the brain. Furthermore, Nestor et al. (2017) suggest that most people with schizophrenia experience positive or negative symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, cognitive impairment, limited emotional expression, and depression. Schizophrenia can affect anyone (it affects any type of human being) and its diagnosis occurs from late adolescence to the early thirties. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity”. Nestor et al. (2017) further explains that schizophrenia is the result of an imbalance of neurotransmitters within the membranes responsible for sending and receiving neurological signals. The neurotransmitters involved are dopamine, glutamate and serotonin. Waugh and Grant (2014) defined neurotransmitters as chemicals reserved and released from the synapse when neurons transmit signals to targeted receptor neurons. Biological factors of biopsychosocial influences that can affect human health include genetics, infections, medical pain, and trauma. Fiocco and Mallya (2014) suggest that these biological factors influence a person's health and well-being and if subsequent changes trigger any of these factors, they will have a negative impact on their health and well-being. Bliksted et al. (2017) describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia as thought disorders, movement disorders, hallucinations, and delusions. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia will mainly affect the emotions. Research conducted in the United Kingdom has highlighted that schizophrenia is linked to premature mortality as men diagnosed with schizophrenia die 15 years earlier than women. Furthermore, Crump et al. (2013) suggested that ischemic heart disease and cancer are two common causes of death in schizophrenia patients. Norbert is paranoid that he is being monitored by outside forces. These findings are supported by Felmet et al. (2011) when he suggested that depressive and paranoid behavior may arise from components such asnegative and positive symptoms or from a reaction to extreme psychosis. Norbert's symptoms, such as low self-esteem, poor hygiene, and isolation, can be described as neurobiological factors. Norbert also exhibits other symptoms that include paranoia, delirium, hallucinations, and lack of interest that result from brain biochemistry. All these symptoms will need to be treated through the use of antipsychotic drugs; these antipsychotic drugs, however, are known to have a negative effect on patients as most patients may end up developing other physical health problems, such as diabetes, low sexual desire, cardiovascular disease, low self-esteem, tremors, diabetes and increased weight. Antipsychotic drugs are very sedating and this can cause tiredness, low self-esteem and sleep disruption in patients. Norbert may be susceptible to other illnesses related to antipsychotic drugs. He has been treated for pneumonia and flu in the past and there is a possibility that the pneumonia will return as he is still reliant on his antipsychotic medications. According to DH (2016), research conducted demonstrates that there is a high risk of physical health problems contributing to a long-term mental health condition and the need for physical activity to combat the problem. Norbert is said to have less contact with his family and childhood friends. A study conducted by Gunnmo and Fatouros Bergman (2011) indicates that the lack of social contacts for a patient with schizophrenia will have a great impact on their health and well-being. The study highlights that to avoid relapse in a schizophrenic patient, family, friends and social contact play an important role in reducing the risks of relapse. The feeling of belonging, love and support of family bring comfort to schizophrenic patients and reduce the risk of relapse. Employment is a factor that contributes to reducing risk in a schizophrenic patient when given the opportunity to try to satisfy personal goals, ambitions and desires by working and earning money. Norbert seems to lack motivation to look for work as he fears that people will insult him when he has episodes of hallucinations/paranoia while at work. Norbert is gaining weight due to the antipsychotic drugs he is taking, the side effect of which is weight gain. Being overweight has a major impact on Norbert as he lacks self-confidence, blaming it on his size, which means he is unable to do any warehouse work. Norbert will need to work with the Occupational Therapist (OT) to learn other job skills he enjoys, as well as identify a gym that is right for him, i.e. a gym that provides low stimulus exercise. A study by Holley et al. (2011) pointed out that physical activities and exercise have a good effect on the mental health and well-being of schizophrenic patients. Activities such as using the gym, cycling, swimming and line dancing will help Norbert avoid other diseases, such as diabetes and ischemic heart disease. These groups can also be used to encourage and promote social networking, self-confidence, raise awareness and educate patients, while promoting psychological well-being in schizophrenia patients. Norbert could be involved in a community social activity of his choice which could help him build his self-confidence. Other methods to reduce any risk or relapse would be to provide quality care and organize and implement evidence-based programs, while at the same time encouraging Norbert to enjoy life in social settings. Since Norbert has gained weight, exercise will have a positive effect on his health.health and well-being. Norbert would need to have a gym instructor working with him as excessive exercise can also cause heart complications. Norbert will benefit socially by attending the gym as he would have the opportunity to improve his social network by meeting new people. This would have the advantage of strengthening his interpersonal relationships and his self-esteem. The reason why Norbert may feel stigmatized and socially excluded may be linked to his poor personal hygiene resulting from the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Weight gain, poor personal hygiene and poor nutrition are the main risks faced by patients with schizophrenia. Norbert currently shares common areas and has his own bedroom; tends not to join other peers during mealtimes or activity sessions. Normally Norbert prefers to eat in his room and doesn't clean up afterwards; he isolates himself from other peers, and therefore the acquisition of social skills that will be necessary for his recovery and reintegration into society will be blocked. Due to lack of contact with family or friends, Norbert is likely to have increased paranoia, which will result in a limited social and support network. The biomedical model was commonly used by scientists and has now been replaced by a more robust model of biopsychosocial factors. which separates research on biological, psychological and social systems. Strickland and Patrick (2015) stated that the biomedical model will focus only on the biological or physical aspects of the disease, whereas with the biopsychosocial model the emphasis will be on all aspects of biological, psychological, and social factors. Psychological factors Norbert experiences hallucinations and voices telling him “not good things” and these will increase his anxiety. He also experiments with ideas, such as having a house and children that his wife is taking away from him and that he is hiding his children from him. Norbert also reports that he has cancer that is eating away at his brain, although a physical examination by specialists showed negative results for cancer. Norbert's treatment plan involves the use of atypical antipsychotic medications and procyclidine hydrochloride tablets for tremors. Fiocco and Mallya (2014) suggested that psychological factors are infinite as it is not possible to limit them to brain dysfunction as there are also other mental factors to consider, such as behavior and cognitive dysfunction. Ellison Maso and Scior (2015) describe low self-esteem, low self-confidence, and lack of decision-making as factors that will dominate the psychological factors of human well-being. Psychological factors affecting Norbert's health and well-being are paranoia, hallucinations, self-isolation, lack of self-esteem and confidence. Awan et al (2017) argue that psychological factors cannot be the only important problems that can influence the health of a schizophrenic patient. In Norbert's case, he is affected by all sorts of biopsychosocial factors and will benefit from psychology sessions, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), self-help groups, social skills training and art therapy. Social factors that will impact Norbert's health and well-being are self-isolation from society, lack of contact with family and friends, failure to participate in community activities and lack of employment. Plakun, (2018) stated that there are social factors that will negatively affect an individual's health, such as extreme cultural and religious beliefs, social housing areas, disability, gender, age, and racial discrimination. Norbert is not religious; lives in a relatively safe public housing area, not known for drugs. Access to substances (2016).