When the skin is damaged, it can no longer help the body protect itself from infections, prevent the loss of body fluids, produce vitamin D, or regulate body temperature. Therefore, burns are extremely dangerous for the fragile developing body of the child. Weeks or months of painful and invasive treatment and recovery place a lot of stress on pediatric burn victims. The resulting scars lead to significant anxieties about appearance and social acceptance through which support from family and friends is critical. Measuring and Evaluating a Pediatric Burn A burn is classified based on the layers of skin it affects. The superficial integumentary layer is known as the epidermis while the thicker inner layer is the dermis. First degree burns affect only the epidermis while second degree burns extend to the dermis. A third-degree burn, or full-thickness burn, destroys both layers of skin. The damage from fourth-degree burns extends to the underlying muscles and bones. For the purposes of this article, the focus is on third-degree burns. Some of the most likely causes of these full-thickness burns are boiling liquids, prolonged contact with hot objects, flames, and electrical and chemical sources. They are dry, leathery and can have a deep red, white, yellow, black or brown appearance. Initially, the patient will feel little pain as the nerve fibers may be damaged (King's Daughters Children's Hospital [CHKD], 2007). The extent of a burn injury is also revealed by its coverage of the victim's total body surface area (TBSA). . In adults this is usually referred to as the "rule of nines", which means that the body is divided into parts equal to about 9% of the TBSA. However, due to the cephalocaudal and proximal...... focus of the article......ic burns from the child and family perspective: a review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 361-371. Doi: 10.1016/j. cpr.2012.12.006Charis, Kelly. (2013). Burns: information for parents with a child hospitalized. Retrieved from http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/HealthAZ/Conditionsand Diseases/Injuries/Pages/burn-injury-hospital-information.aspx Emergency Medical Management for Chemical Hazards. (2011). Triage of burns and treatment of thermal injuries. Retrieved from http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/burns.htmKing's Daughters Children's Hospital. (2007). It burns. Retrieved from http://www.chkd. org/healthlibrary/facts/content.aspx?pageid=0160De Sousa, A. (2010). Psychological aspects of pediatric burns (a clinical review). Ann burns fire disasters. 23(3): 155–159. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188258/